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Typhoon Muifa (2011)
Typhoon Muifa, known in the Philippines as Typhoon Kabayan, was a large, strong and persistent typhoon which affected a number of countries in the Pacific, killing 22 and causing widespread damage worth US$480 million. It was the ninth named storm, third typhoon and the second super-typhoon of the 2011 Pacific typhoon season.
The low-pressure area which became the typhoon originally formed on 23 July. It gradually drifted to the west, becoming a tropical depression. As it turned north and neared the Philippines it rapidly strengthened, becoming a Category 5 typhoon on the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale (SSHS). In the Philippines, the storm claimed eight lives and caused much damage. The system brought down trees; the northeast Philippines experienced strong winds and heavy rains, leaving motorists stranded on several roads and expressways. Muifa also sank a Malay ship with 178 passengers. The system then drifted north, weakening steadily until it curved to the west and threatened Micronesia. The typhoon hit Okinawa, Japan with 41 inches of rain, flooding the small island and injuring 37 people in a 30-hour period. The storm disrupted air travel, leaving 13,630 people stranded on the island. The system then steadily drifted west, nearing Taiwan and prompting emergency warnings and high alerts; however, the storm missed the island. The typhoon moved further west towards mainland China, causing thousands to flee from their homes. A level-4 high-wave warning was issued, and some 11,000 rescue workers mobilized in 120 teams.
== Meteorological history ==
A parade of low-pressure areas and tropical disturbances formed from the Intertropical Convergence Zone late on July 15. Late on July 23, one of the last low-pressure systems developed further to a weak tropical disturbance, which formed southeast of Chuuk in Micronesia.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.webcitation.org/60OvL1W5Y )〕 The system drifted to the west, and on July 25 the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) upgraded the low-pressure area to a tropical depression. At that time, it was located approximately west of Guam.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.webcitation.org/60RZNKdNC )〕 At midnight that day, the JMA began monitoring the system as a tropical depression.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.webcitation.org/60Sd1kaqw )〕 Early on 28 July, the JTWC upgraded the system to a tropical storm.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.webcitation.org/60VpPt4EC )〕 A few hours later the JMA also upgraded the system to a tropical storm, naming it ''Muifa''.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.webcitation.org/60VpA9ynR )〕 Also on July 28, the storm entered the Philippine Area of Responsibility (PAR); the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA) named it ''Kabayan''.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.webcitation.org/60Vpzd5JJ )〕 The storm drifted north over the next day, while maintaining tropical-storm strength. On the night of July 29, Muifa was upgraded to a severe tropical storm.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.webcitation.org/60Yr2rA8z )〕 Overnight, the storm strengthened rapidly and was upgraded to a typhoon the next morning.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.webcitation.org/60YjEwh8T )〕 According to the JTWC, Muifa had strengthened from a tropical storm to a super typhoon in less than 24 hours; it reported that the storm was reaching one-minute sustained wind speed of . However, the typhoon weakened later in the day. According to the JTWC, on July 31 the typhoon encountered an upper-level trough and weakened to a category-4 typhoon on the SSHS.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.webcitation.org/60aIn3u0H )〕 The system gradually moved north, then turned west and drifted towards Okinawa before turning northwest again (when it was finally downgraded to a tropical storm by the JTWC).〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.webcitation.org/60klwCdjH )〕 Soon afterwards, the JMA downgraded Muifa to a severe tropical storm.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.webcitation.org/60krc4dTh )〕 After weakening to a tropical storm, Muifa made landfall at the estuary of the Yalu River on August 8 and the JTWC issued its final warning. Early on August 9, Muifa weakened to a tropical depression in northeast China and later became a low-pressure area.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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